Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide made mainly in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It is one of the best-studied signaling peptides in physiology. Classic work focused on its peripheral roles, and research now extends to social behavior,…
IGF-1 LR3 and PEG-MGF are both derived from insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), but they come from different parts of the IGF-1 system and are used to ask different questions. IGF-1 LR3 is an engineered analog of mature IGF-1 that…
KPV is a tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) that corresponds to the last three amino acids of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It has drawn research interest because it keeps much of the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent hormone without its pigmentary effects. Most published…
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is one of the most closely studied hormone systems in biology. Three research compounds act at different levels of it: gonadorelin, a synthetic version of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which activates the…
Most research peptides arrive as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. Lyophilization removes water so the peptide stays stable during shipping and storage, but it also means every vial has to be reconstituted before it can be used in an assay. How…
Selank and Semax are two synthetic heptapeptides developed from naturally occurring regulatory peptides. They are often discussed together because they share the same design idea: a short biologically active fragment, extended at the C-terminus with the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro. Beyond that…
GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 are synthetic hexapeptides that stimulate growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary. They belong to the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) family, which predates the discovery of the receptor they act on and of ghrelin, the natural hormone…
SS-31, also known as elamipretide, is a small synthetic tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. It belongs to the Szeto-Schiller (SS) family of mitochondria-targeted peptides, and it has become a standard research tool…
Neuroscience research uses peptides to probe specific systems: neurotrophic signaling, stress and anxiety-related behavior, sleep regulation and social memory. The peptides below are research tools for animal and cell models. Their published evidence comes mostly from rodent and rabbit studies,…
Aging research is organized around a set of shared biological processes rather than a single cause. The widely cited “hallmarks of aging” framework first listed nine: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction,…
